Homework / test English to Persian (Farsi) Other Management Management

The know-why and know-how:
- The „know-why‟- The top layers relate to the overall goal or purpose for which the
organization draws out the roadmap, along with the factors that influence the purpose (e.g.
internal business trends, drivers, milestones, objectives, and external market and industry
trends and drivers: social, technological, economic, environmental, political and
infrastructural).
- The „know-how‟ - The bottom layers are concerned with the technology and other resources
that will be used in meeting the demands of the top layer. These include the physical and
knowledge-based resources that need to be used in developing the required products.
- The „know what‟ - The middle layers bridge the purpose and the resources, (i.e. the top and
bottom layers) focussing on the technology applications such as products and services,
infrastructure, and other mechanisms for integrating technology, capability and resources
necessary to link the top and bottom layer.
The time dimension could as well be referred to as the „know-when‟. Embedded within the content
of the roadmap are the „know-who‟ and „know-where‟, which point out key stakeholders and
geographical locations (Phaal, et al., 2003).