Chinese to English Art/Literary History 中国历史:我国古代的冶炼和铸造技术

After mastering iron-smelting, by the Warring States period the ancient people had invented steel-smelting technology and produced many kinds of steel-making methods. 铸铁脱碳钢冶炼was one of China's early ancient steel-making crafts. White cast pig iron was passed through a decarbonising and annealing treatment. The early Warring States period steel adze unearthed at Luoyang is this type of steel product. 灌钢冶炼 is a steel-making method where pig iron and malleable iron are combined and smelted. The composition can be controlled very well and high carbon steel can be smelted. 炒钢冶炼 is when pig iron is heated until it liquefies, and a blast of air is used to make the silicon and carbon oxidise, so that the carbon content of the pig iron is reduced to that of steel, and consequently the pig iron is smelted into steel. 炒钢冶炼 was invented at the end of the Western Han, but it was not until the mid eighteenth century that Europe knew about this method of making steel. Tempered steel is mainly made by using 炒钢 as a raw material and passing it through repeated heating and forging. The "Sa Lian Da Dao 卅lX大刀" , made in the Eastern Han Dynasty and unearthed in Shandong, is a tempered steel product.