May 1, 2006 13:03
18 yrs ago
English term

that vs which

English Art/Literary Linguistics
Feeling under pressure, he has taken a hasty decision ........... might risk the future of the company.

"which" or "that"? I am confused about which relative pronoun to put in the gap. Which fits better?Thanks for your help.
Change log

May 1, 2006 13:45: Kim Metzger changed "Level" from "Non-PRO" to "PRO"

Discussion

Kim Metzger May 2, 2006:
I'd say it's more than a question of style. It's a question of whether you want to adhere to US standards of edited English. If so, you should follow respected style manuals, such as the Chicago Manual of Style. In that case you would need to use 'that'.
RHELLER May 2, 2006:
This is a question of style and you have the choice.

Responses

+8
13 mins
Selected

that (US)

If you want to use edited US English the preference would be "that" because you've got a nonrestrictive clause.
Strunk: 'That' is the defining or nonrestrictive pronoun, 'which' the nondefining, or nonrestrictive.

Restrictive clauses, which are essential to the meaning of the sentence, are not set off by a comma. Nonrestrictive clauses, which are not essential to the meaning of the sentence--they merely add further information--are set off by a comma. For example:

Restrictive: The lemmings that performed well in the first race were all fuzzy animals.

Nonrestrictive: The lemmings, which performed well in the first race, were all fuzzy animals.

In the first sentence, the meaning is that some lemmings were not fuzzy. Just the fuzzy ones performed well.
In the second sentence, the meaning is that all the lemmings entering the event were fuzzy and that they all performed well in the race.

Economist Style Guide:
Which informs, that defines. This is the house that Jack built. But This house, which Jack built, is now falling down. Americans tend to be fussy about making a distinction between which and that. Good writers of British English are less fastidious. (“We have left undone those things which we ought to have done.”)

In British English both pronouns are acceptable.
Peer comment(s):

agree Tony M : Interestingly, we obviously have reverse views across the Pond, as I've always heard it the other way round! // Excellent work, Kim, and a really useful resource!
3 mins
I've been working on an article for our database. http://www.personalityresearch.org/writing/apa.html
agree Kirill Semenov : great explanation of the grammar, Kim - thank you from a not-English speaker :)
23 mins
I had this info handy because I've been working on an article.
agree Jack Doughty : As a Brit, I agree that both are equally acceptable here.
43 mins
agree Kevin Kelly : My gut feeling goes with "that." In any case, if "which" is used, it must not be set off by a comma.
2 hrs
Good point about the comma.
agree Raging Dreamer
6 hrs
agree conejo : I agree with Rita's note: Both can be used, although "that' may sound more natural in this particular sentence, to US-Eng. speakers.
1 day 2 hrs
agree Isodynamia
1 day 19 hrs
agree Alfa Trans (X)
5 days
Something went wrong...
4 KudoZ points awarded for this answer. Comment: "Selected automatically based on peer agreement."
13 mins

that or which in this case

In the case of a defining relative clause it really does not matter, both tht and which are correct.

In a non-defining clause it matters and WHICH is the correct choice.

Something went wrong...
+4
12 mins

that [BE], which [AE]

I am confident about it in UK Englsih, but I've heard it said that usage is different in the US.

In fact, in your given context, either could work, but would create a subtle change in meaning.

'that' introduces a direct connection, 'which' intodruces a subordinate clause:

"The car that hit him failed to stop"
"The car, which had been stolen earlier that day, was later abandoned"

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 20 mins (2006-05-01 13:23:59 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

Here's how Oxford USage puts it: (!)

which or that (relative pronouns)

There is a degree of uncertainty about whether to use which or that as the relative pronoun qualifying a non-personal antecedent (for personal antecedents see *who/whom or that).

The general rule is that which is used in relative clauses to which the reader's attention is to be drawn, while that is used in clauses which mention what is already known or does not need special emphasis.

Which is almost always used in non-restrictive clauses, i.e. those that add further information about an antecedent already defined by other words or the context. Examples:

The men are getting rum issue, which they deserve (Susan Hill)

Narrow iron beds with blue rugs on them, which Miss Fanshawe has to see are all kept tidy (William Trevor)

· The use of that in non-restrictive clauses should be avoided. It is not uncommon in informal speech, and is sometimes employed by good writers to suggest a tone of familiarity, e.g.

Getting out of Alec's battered old car that looked as if it had been in collision with many rocks, Harold had a feeling of relief (L. P. Hartley)

It should not, however, be used in ordinary prose.

Both which and that can be used in restrictive relative clauses, i.e. clauses that limit or define the antecedent.

There is no infallible rule to determine which should be used. Some guidelines follow:

1. Which preferred.

(a) Clauses which add significant information often sound better with which, e.g.

Was I counting on Israel to work some miracle which would give me the strength? (Lynne Reid Banks)

Not nearly enough for the social position which they had to keep up (D. H. Lawrence)


(b) Clauses which are separated from their antecedent, especially when separated by another noun, sound better with which, e.g.

Larry told her the story of the young airman which I narrated at the beginning of this book (W.Somerset Maugham)


(c) When a preposition governs the relative pronoun, which preceded by the preposition is often a better choice than that with the preposition at the end of the sentence (see also *preposition at end), e.g.

I'm telling you about a dream in which ordinary things are marvellous (William Trevor)

(A dream that ordinary things are marvellous in would not sound natural)

The inheritance to which we are born is one that nothing can destroy (NEB)

(The inheritance that we are born to would sound very informal and unsuited to the context)


2. That preferred.

In clauses that do not fall into the above categories that can usually be used. There is no reason to reject that if


(a) the antecedent is impersonal,

(b) the clause is restrictive,

(c) no preposition precedes the relative pronoun, and

(d) the sentence does not sound strained or excessively colloquial.

Examples:

I read the letters, none of them very revealing, that littered his writing table (Evelyn Waugh)

He fell back on the old English courtesy that he had consciously perfected to combat the increasing irritability that came with old age and arthritis (Angus Wilson)

In these examples, which would be acceptable, but is not necessary.

When the antecedent is an indefinite pronoun (e.g. anything, everything, nothing, something) or contains a superlative adjective qualifying the impersonal antecedent (e.g. the biggest car, the most expensive hat) English idiom tends to prefer that to which:

Is there nothing small that the children could buy you for Christmas?

This is the most expensive hat that you could have bought

Note that that can sometimes be used when one is not sure whether to use who or which:

This was the creature, neither child nor woman, that drove me through the dusk that summer evening (Evelyn Waugh)
Peer comment(s):

neutral Morad Safe (X) : good but tediously protracted./Altinbay:Talk for yourself.
11 mins
I just felt it might help Asker if they did not have access to this particular UK reference work (not available online, AFAIK)
agree Can Altinbay : It could be either in the US. Note to Morad: don't read it if you don't want to - the answer is provided for the asker and for those who need it. Long descriptions can help comprehension.
1 hr
Thanks a lot, Can!
agree Dave Calderhead
3 hrs
Thanks, Dave!
agree William [Bill] Gray : As an aside: I experience students using "that" when they can't remember whether to use "who" or "which"!! They have admitted it!
4 hrs
Thanks, Bill! Oh dear, yes, all too often...!
neutral Nancy Arrowsmith : more often that in US
7 hrs
Thanks, Nancy! Apparently, my previous information was out of date!
agree RHELLER : style guides differ and it is really personal
11 hrs
Thanks, Rita!
Something went wrong...
16 mins

http://www.bartleby.com/116/205.html

i wish it can serve ur purpose.

--------------------------------------------------
Note added at 15 hrs (2006-05-02 04:40:21 GMT)
--------------------------------------------------

http://www.bartleby.com/116/205.html

Peer comment(s):

neutral Can Altinbay : If Tony's answer is tediously protracted, what does that make your reference?
1 hr
talk for urself.
neutral William [Bill] Gray : I would hesitate to use such an old reference for questions of grammar in the 21st century. The language is changing, and descriptive grammar is overtaking the prescriptive grammar Fowler held to.
4 hrs
Do as u like.
Something went wrong...
Term search
  • All of ProZ.com
  • Term search
  • Jobs
  • Forums
  • Multiple search